Justice In The Old Testament Religion Essay

Justice In The Old Testament Religion Essay INTRODUCTION WHAT IS JUSTICE The general understanding of justice is giving a person his due. That is to say if the if someone has done more should be rewarded more. In short it is concerned with fair distribution of goods, opportunities justice demands that every individual should be rewarded according to what he or she had done, nothing more or nothing less. Now having understood the general understanding of justice, it is imperative that we look at what the bible say about justice. JUSTICE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT The Old Testament talks of three dimensions of Justice. That is distributive Justice, fair dealing and secondly public justice and finally rectitude that are the integrity of a person. The Old Testament has terms which are used to describe justice, which are mishpat and tsedeq .Tsedeq refers to a persons righteousness (tsedeq). Apart from that it is used for honest scales and measurements. It can also mean good governance. Mishpat and tsedeq are interchangeable. According to DD Raphael, mishpat Means Judgment, the discussion of Judge but with a normative connotation (2001:11). According to him mishpat is concerned with the judge. That is how the judge executes his legal matters. In short he is talking about the character of the judge in executing his judgment. So when mishpat is used in the Old Testament it is concerned the character of God in executing judgment up on the evil doers. It is concerned with the character of an individual in dealing with his fellow individual. On this part we can see the difference between tsedeq and mishpat. It is recorded that tsedeq is used of the character of the defendant than the conduct of the Judge (Howard Marshall 1980:10). In addition we can say that tsedeq does not concern the righteousness of the judge but it is concerned with the character of an individual. Further Raphael noted that The punishment of the crime against a person should be that a wrongdoer suffer the same harm as he has caused (Ex.21:23-25) 2001:14). According to Howard M. Justice and Judgment consist very much in bringing the oppressors of the poor and needy to naught. THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICE Justice has generally two components which constitutes justice these are Social and justice. Social is the team used to refer to how people live in the community or how people live in the society. Justice on the other hand deals with up holding what is just or treating people fairly according to honour or/ and standard. So when these terms are used together, it can be said that social justice exist when people are given what is due from their community. Social justice deals in three areas. That is economic justice, remedial and distributive justice. Economic and remedial justice ensures that every person is given equal and fair opportunities to access a societys economic resources and its political and legal systems. Distributive justice also focuses on outcomes which are fair. It is interestingly to note that all three forms of Justice Emphasis much on the social responsibilities of human beings. BIBLICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICE When Old Testament talks of Justice, it does not only mean being or acting justly but also the kind of situation that would result when Justice is executed. Apart from the Old Testament dealing with righteousness (tsedeqa) and justice or judgment (mishpat) the Old Testament also deals with helping the needy. For example Leviticus 19:9-10, God is reminding the children of Israel not to finish the crops in their fields after the harvest but should leave some for the poor, stranger, widows, orphans etc. this is supported by Deut. 24:19-22. In which God is commanding the Israelites not to go back and collect that which was left in the fields. Another aspect that is found in the Old Testament scriptures for example in Proverbs 31:8-9. Here it is said that everyone has the God given rights life and liberty that is free from all forms of oppression and injustices. Again when we look in the Pentateuch (Deut. 15:1-11), God commands the Israelite to help the needy among them in the seventh month and also to council the debts of those who cold not pay back Raphael said The command in these passages do not use either of the words for justice to describe their rationale, though the idea behind them is one that was latter assigned to the concept of social justice (2001:15). This same emphasis is also used by the major prophet like Isaiah in which they relate the concept of knowing God to helping the needy for example Isaiah 1:7 associate the notion of mishpat with giving help to the needy. Jeremiah also associates mishpat with tsedeqa (Jeremiah 22:3). It has been indicated that when social activists talk about the poor, needy and disadvantaged, they do not only refer to victims of oppression, but also to people in prosperous countries who are less prosperous even though they have n o lack of food, shelter, clothing, or government and aid agency support (Andrew kulikovsky 2008:11). It can further be said that social justice favours much those who are disadvantaged. There are many scriptural references both in the old and the New Testament which has come out clear on the issue of social justice. For example the prophet Zechariah 7:9-10 talks about where God has forbade the oppression of the widow, the fatherless and strangers or the poor in general further, the prophet Amos is talking more on the oppression of the poor and the strangers. It has been said that Doing justice by assisting the poor and the needy is a obligation of those who have responded to the Gospel. It is not part of the gospel itself (Andrew K. 2008:20). On the contrary, we can not stand on the fact the bible is entirely based on social justice there are some passages in the same bible which contradict the notion of social justice. These biblical passages prohibit favouritism and partiality in matters concerning justice for example Leviticus 19:15 where God is saying that you shall not render unjust Judgment (mishpat), you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justice you shall judge your neighbour. Here we see the concept of justice in dealing with legal matters which is concerned with just judgment. Here the king of justice they are talking about is mishpat. Justice must be done in tsedeqa or righteousness. This is also echoed by Ex. 23:3. Not only this but also in Ex. 30:14-15 There was also no partiality when Moses took a census and God required an offering of half a shekel from every one over the age of twenty years (Andrew K 2008:11). The only thing that the poor needed in those days was fair dealing with other people. According to the biblical understanding, the poor are those people who were the victims of injustice and have no one to speak for them in time of oppression. That is why the righteous have the mandate to look after the marginalized (James 1:27) not because they are poor but that they are the victims of injustices. Some scholars such as Ross Langmead as quoted by Andrew K. states that When Jesus gave the manifesto of good news to the poor; he meant salvation and not any form of social justice. So it is not easy for us to dwell of scholars who suggest that the Bible is entirely consisting of social justice. Because it also contains some references which are concerned with legal matters. Edgar wrote From a Christian and Biblical point of view, Justice means giving to people according to need and even giving more than they might receive according to the principle of equality (Andrew K. 2008:14). This is why most concern of social justice is assisting the poor and needy pe ople in the society. This concept has been disputed by Andrew and said that it is very important to understand what it means when the Bible talks of the poor and the needy and the levels of their poverty. Langmead further argues that Biblical justice goes further than strict justice and is imbued with grace, mercy and forgiveness (Andrew K 2008:14). We can not assert on the fact that justice is not Biblical justice unless it is involved in the advocacy of the weak, the poor or the socially disadvantaged. Further Neville says Jesus called for social transformation as confirmed by the nature of his mission and social Justice again Andrew argues to say that this is what the people and the disciples expected, but that was not the gospel of Gods kingdom was about (Andrew K 2008:20). CONCLUSION To sum up all this Biblical Justice must not be thought only in social concept but must also be thought in other terms like giving people according to what is due. God prefers the poor not because they are poor but because they were the victims of injustices, but that is note the only message found in the Biblical teachings.

Factors Influencing Employee Performance Essay

1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study There are many challenges which hinder the delivery of public service reforms in Africa (Lienert, 2003). The factors include those relating to human resources like manpower deficiencies and lack of psychological dispositions and shortage of financial and material resources necessary for effective delivery of services. The problems of accountability as well as ethical issues also continue to affect effective delivery of public service. In an effort to mitigate some of these challenges, the Government of Kenya (GOK) has in the past launched several reform programs to improve service delivery. Some of these reform efforts include the Civil Service Reform Program (CSRP) (GOK, 1993) whose aim was to enhance public service efficiency and productivity. The program was designed to contain costs, improve performance in the public sector, and consolidate and sustain the gains made by reform initiatives (Opiyo, 2006). The other reform initiatives included the implementation of Results – Based Management that was guided by Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment creation (GOK, 2003) whose strategies included developing benchmarks and evaluating the performance of public institutions. In order to enhance the performance of public officers, the government introduced a program where rewards and sanctions were to be used to encourage provision of quality services in the public sector. This paved way for the piloting of the process of in state corporations in 2003 which saw the introduction and implementation of performance appraisals in the entire public sector. Most firms in Kenya now employ some performance appraisal system (GOK, 2009). The Performance Appraisal System (PAS) was introduced by the GOK to refocus the mind of the public from a culture of inward looking to a culture of businesslike environment, focused on the customer and results in addition to improving service delivery (Obong’o, 2009). According to the new PAS, the evaluation of staff performance is supposed to run concurrently with the duration of ministerial performance contracts and the Government Financial year. Targets should meet acceptable quality standards and benchmarks as determined in each category of service delivery; the system should be supported by training of staff, particularly those with managerial and supervisory responsibility; and the process should be regarded as interactive, for mutual agreement between supervisors and appraisers (GOK, 2009). Longenecker and Goff (1992), observed that managers and human resource professionals belief that a PAS is a good tool for human resource management and performance improvement. If well designed and implemented it can benefit both the employees and the organizations (Coens and Jenkins, 2000). According to GOK (2009), the PAS has caused a cultural transformation within the public service from a baseline of extremely poor performance before 2003. The GOK has in the past made some efforts in launching and implementing Public Service Reform initiatives aimed at improving the performance of public servants in service delivery (GOK, 1993; GOK, 2003). However, these reforms have not achieved the envisaged results (AAPAM, 2005; Opiyo, 2006). The introduction of the new PAS (GOK, 2006) is yet another attempt by the Government to manage and improve performance of the Civil Service and Local Authorities by enabling a higher level of staff participation and involvement in planning, delivery and evaluation of work performance. Despite the successful roll out of the program, there is evidence of room for improvement in the process (GOK, 2009) and a lack of knowledge on the factors that influence the PAS in the Ministry of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security, (MoSPA) Nyamira district, Kenya. Specifically, this study addresses this gap by: (a) Establishing how the implementation process of the PAS in the public sector influences the system; (b) Determining how rater and ratee interpersonal relationship in a PAS context influences the system in the public sector; (c) Determining how psychometric rater accuracy in a PAS context influences the system in the public sector; (d) Determining how the level of information exchange between the rater and the ratee in a PAS context influences the system in the public sector; and (e) Establishing how the attitudes of employees towards the last PAS rating, towards the rater and towards the PAS influence the system in the public sector.

To what extent are humans in a technological environment free from natural selection?

Humans in technology environment are not very free from natural selection. According to Charles Darwin, natural selection acts only for the good of each organism, so since our very first human ancestors had no natural defenses, they would die from what is considered today an insignificant disease. It was throughout millions of years, that the human body started to build an immunization to certain diseases and only the stronger humans were the ones to survive and carry on that trait.Likewise, having no fur on their bodies to survive in the cold weather, they learned how to use other animals’ skins and how to build some weapons, in order to chase wild animals. Nowadays, humans have made incredible discoveries; we have created a wonderful world of technology, which leads us to make some enormous progress in the field of medicine; especially in how to treat diseases which were, at some time, considered incurable. My point is, that since we have made such progress in technology, I am scared that we are keeping too many people alive, including some that might not fit the environment in which they live.In addition, we are allowing some infertile people to reproduce through in-vitro fertilization, when apparently they were not capable naturally. We are also letting babies survive by saving their lives at their birth even though they might not be perfectly healthy or other traits which could bedetrimental for the human species. But through science and the new technology, we have let these babies live and we have given them the opportunity to grow up and reproduce, transmitting their traits to other generations.Due to these facts, it is very probable that we are acting against natural selection in human beings, ever since humans became people who think and care for one another and we have made it immoral to kill another individual or to let him die. However, we could think about another definition of natural selection, such as a life on Earth dies if it is not ada pted to its environment and it lives if it has a niche and can reproduce in its surroundings, which is also called survival of the fittest.If we take the example of a fetus in his mother’s womb, the body of the mother can detect some errors coming from the fetus, and it would eliminate the fetus through a miscarriage. So, in this case, natural selection does still act upon human; acting within the womb of a woman, and therefore, not let a human being, which would not fit its environment, survive. For instance, we have not seen any people carrying the traits of Down’s syndrome on the chromosome 14.It is likely that this defect happened before but only inside a woman’s body which eliminated the mistake through a miscarriage, not letting the future human sees the light. So, in this case, the fact that humans are living longer, letting them reproduce thanks to many discoveries such as in vitro fertilization, surgeries, transplants, medication, etc. , is because we a re taking into consideration that the technology is part of our environment.

Research On Children s Selective Learning - 3388 Words

Children are often highly dependent on other people to learn about the world around them. Many domains of information, such as history, religion, and science, are difficult or impossible to acquire independently. However, information from others is not guaranteed to be correct, and sources differ vastly in both knowledge and intent. For example, a Biology teacher is likely a more knowledgeable source of scientific information than an English teacher, and a coach is likely a more trustworthy source of information about race preparation than a fellow competitor. Recent research suggests that children are not credulous consumers of communicated information, and, instead, are sensitive to indicators of source unreliability. As early as†¦show more content†¦The selective learning literature clearly indicates that young children actively keep track of individual sources’ reliability and use that information to inform their learning decisions. The source monitoring literatur e, in contrast, characterizes young children as generally poor monitors of source-specific information, particularly when compared to older children and adults (e.g., Ackil Zaragoza, 1995; Roberts Blades, 1998). A secondary aim of the proposed study, therefore, is to reconcile the contradictory characterizations of young children’s source monitoring performance in the selective learning and source monitoring literatures. To address these aims, the proposed project will investigate the following questions: (1) Do children show enhanced source monitoring of unreliable individuals? (2) Do children show poorer learning of, and less confidence in, information presented by unreliable individuals? (3) Does children’s source monitoring of unreliable individuals directly predict their learning from such individuals? (4) Do related cognitive skills, such as executive function and theory of mind, relate to children’s source monitoring and learning from unreliable individ uals? By answering these questions, the proposed project will integrate and inform the disparate literatures on young children’s source monitoring

Edmunds Corrugated Parts Services - 1246 Words

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The Financial System in Nigeria - 6376 Words

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Marketing Research Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

The market for women’s hair shampoos has become extremely specialised and segmented. In recent old ages a big figure of particular purpose shampoos have appeared on the market. each promising to supply assorted hair attention benefits to the possible user. The Syd Company is diversified maker of consumer packaged goods. At this clip the house has no women’s shampoo in its merchandise line. The company’s selling research forces met late with a little research house. FC Associates. and discussed the possibility of survey of immature female grownups populating in Bombay. The Syd company had established—through a series of late completed interviews with a little group of adult females consumers—that â€Å"body† ( seemingly implying hair thickness or comprehensiveness ) in a hair shampoo was often mentioned as a coveted feature. Armed with this instead unelaborated information refering the desirableness of â€Å"body† in a shampoo. the firm’s research lab forces had set to work on developing some archetypal compounds that appeared potentially capable of presenting this characteristic to a greater extent than trade names presently in the market. During the initial conversation between Syd and FC Associates. the undermentioned managerial jobs came to the visible radiation: 1. Assuming that research lab forces could bring forth a women’s shampoo with superior â€Å"body† . is the market for this merchandise big plenty to warrant its commercialisation? 2. What benefits in add-on to â€Å"body† should be incorporated into the new shampoo? 3. What are the characteristics—product use. hair type. demographics—of people who are peculiarly attracted to a shampoo with â€Å"body† ? ( Knowledge of these features would be desirable in specifying the mark section for the new product. ) 4. How would the construct of â€Å"body† in shampoo be communicated ; what does the consumer mean by â€Å"body’ in shampoo? ( Knowledge of the intensions of â€Å"body† would be valuable in design of promotional messages and point of purchase materials. ) Since Syd had no entry in the shampoo market. the company had small to travel on in the manner of secondary beginnings of information. While assorted market statistics could be obtained for the bing trade names. the house was chiefly interested in features appropriate for a comparatively new construct in the market place—a shampoo that emphasized â€Å"body† . PROBLEM STRUCTURING Although formal statistical determination analysis was non applied in this instance. it became evident that the house faced three primary classs of action: 1. Continue the proficient development of a new shampoo that delivers the consumer benefit: â€Å"body† . 2. End proficient development related to this characteristic and exchange attempts to some other shampoo benefit. 3. Discontinue all the attempts in women’s shampoo merchandises. Continuance of proficient development on â€Å"body† . in bend. is based on two considerations: 1. that new merchandise can be developed successfully from a proficient point of view 2. And that the new merchandise can be sold in sufficient measures to warrant future development spendings. start-up disbursal. on-going production and selling costs. plus gaining an appropriate return on invested financess. Informal analysis indicated a high chance of proficient success during the resulting 12 months with comparatively modest extra spendings in proficient resources. The major job appeared to be one of market potential—more specifically. whether a mark section of sufficient size was available to justify proficient development and eventual commercialisation. Cost AND VALUE OF MARKETING RESEARCH Current uncertainnesss about the possible demand for the new merchandise suggested the desirableness of carry oning selling research beyond the preliminary consumer group interviews that had been late conducted by the house. Crude estimations of the cost versus value of extra information ( including such facets as the costs of go oning proficient development and start-up. the chance of proficient and selling ‘success† . and likelihood that study consequences would right place the appropriate province of nature ) clearly indicated the advisability of farther selling research. The job was non whether marketing research could be justified—the quickest and crudest estimations demonstrated its possible value—but instead. what sort of research should be done that seemed more likely to reply management’s inquiries. Indeed the chief intent of marketing personnel’s visit to FC Associates was to discourse an exploratory survey that could be helpful in pl aning the chief survey that would finally be conducted on national footing. chance based sample. What should be the chief survey screen? How could management’s inquiries be translated into a research design? What extra inquiries should be raised? Agreement was reached that FC would make the exploratory survey. RESEARCH DESIGN Given the explorative character of the research. inquiry of equal sample size and representative cape were non of primary importance. What was germane to the pilot research was the demand for FC to interpret management’s inquiry into operational footings and. in the procedure. to develop extra inquiries of relevancy to the design of the chief piece of the research that would be undertaken after the pilot consequences were analyzed. The chief focal point of the explorative research was to be on shampoobenefits. In the class of carry oning preliminary consumer group interviews the client’s selling research forces had assembled a list of about 30 benefits that either had been advertised or were thought by at least some consumers to be relevant in the pick of a hair shampoo. Not surprisingly. many of the benefit description were excess ; hence. the first measure was to pare down the list to a smaller set. The tabular array 1 shows the 16 benefits that emerged from the culling procedure. The preliminary research seemed to bespeak that the first 10 benefits were likely the most of import of the 16. Table: 1 THE LIST OF HAIR SHAMPOO BENEFITS USED IN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Hair stay clean a long clip2. Hair stays free of dandruff or flaking3. Hair that looks feels natural4. Hair that has a organic structure5. Manageable hair that goes where you want it6. Hair with shininess or lustre7. Hair with no split ends8. Hair with adequate protein9. Hair that doesn’t acquire oily fast10. Hair that’s non excessively dry11. Hair with comprehensiveness12. Hair that’s non frizzy13. Hair that holds a set14. Hair with a texture15. Hair that’s easy to comb when it dries16. Hair that looks free and insouciant Indeed the preliminary research suggested that the first six benefits likely constituted the â€Å"CORE SET†Ã¢â‚¬â€ i. e. . those benefits of truly primary importance to consumer pick. A 2nd affair of importance concerned the nature of respondents to be interviewed. The study’s patron suggested a purposive sample of immature female adults—aged 18 through 30— with an approximative 60-40 split between married and individual. Merely the consumers who shampooed their hair at least twice a month. on the norm. were to be interviewed. In brief. the sample was to be aimed at a specific age group of comparatively active users of shampoo. KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS Given the accent placed on merchandise benefit penchants. peculiarly the benefit of â€Å"body† . a figure of accessory research inquiries were developed from the preliminary 1s indicated by the client: 1. How do consumers of hair shampoo perceive assorted benefits as normally ( or seldom ) available in shampoos presently on the market? 2. Given the freedom to do up her ain †ideal† shampoo. what â€Å"bundles† of benefits do consumers desire? Specifically. how frequently is â€Å"body† included in their ideal benefit packages? 3. Assuming that a consumer desired and could acquire a shampoo that delivered â€Å"body. † what other benefits are besides desired in the same trade name? 4. What is conjured up by the phrase â€Å"shampoo body† and its assorted connotations—that is. what words are elicited on a free association footing? 5. How do penchants for â€Å"body† in the shampoo relate to a. Frequency of hair shampooing ( i. e. . heavy vs. light users of shampoos ) ? B. Percept of its handiness in current shampoos? c. Preference to other benefits in add-on to â€Å"body’ ? d. Hair physiology and have oning manner? e. Demographics ( i. e. . age. matrimonial position. instruction etc. ) ? These inquiries set the phase for FC Associates to develop the questionnaire. Administration The questionnaire was first pre-tested. Following this. the questionnaire was administered on a personal. in-the-home footing by the interviewers. The respondents were drawn from the metropolis on a purposive footing. Interview clip averaged approximately half an hr ; all informations were collected over a span of one hebdomad. Assume that you are the R A ; D director for the SYD Company: a. How would you knock the survey in footings of its utility to you? b. If you had the chance to plan the pilot undertaking from your point of view. what inquiries would you like to include in the questionnaire?